Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. Different from type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes is often diagnosed in children and young adults, but it can develop at any age.

The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This autoimmune reaction is thought to be triggered in some people by a virus or other environmental exposure.

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can develop quickly, typically over a few weeks, and include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. In children, symptoms might also include bedwetting after a history of being dry at night. If left untreated, type 1 diabetes can lead to severe complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be potentially fatal.

Management of type 1 diabetes involves multiple daily injections of insulin or the use of an insulin pump, which delivers insulin continuously throughout the day. The goal is to keep blood sugar levels within a normal range as much as possible. This requires careful monitoring of blood sugar, counting carbohydrates, eating healthy foods, exercising regularly, and keeping close communication with a healthcare team.

Education about diabetes and its management is crucial and involves training in how to measure blood glucose levels, administer insulin, adjust doses based on carbohydrate intake and physical activity, and how to handle the highs and lows of blood sugar.